Parichay
Bharammand aakar me
kitna bada hai, iski kalpna bhi nahi ki ja sakti hai. Hum apni dharti ke upar
jo aakash dekhte hein or uss se bhi pare jis sthan ki kalpna kar sakte hein,
use vegyanik bhasha me ‘Antriksha’ kehte hein. Bharammand me sukshama kano se
lekar bade – bade pind sammilit hein. Bharammand me abhi kul kitni mandakiniyan
hein, iska kisi ko pata nahi hai or Bharammand ka aakar kitna vishal hai, iss
baat ka bhi kisi ko pata nahi hai. Parantu kuch khagolshastriyon avam vidwano
ke anusar Bharammand me lagbhag 100 arab mandakiniyan upasthit hein or pratyek
mandakini me ausatan 100 arab sitare hein.
Antriksha ki toh koi seema
hai (1026 meter), Parantu uss se bhi pare rikt sthan toh ho hi sakta
hai. Atah hum keh sakte hein ki Antriksha ka koi anth nahi hota, wo ananth hai.
Ratri me hum aasman me anginat chand – sitare or din me surya ko dekhte hein.
Yeh sabhi pind thos, drav athva gasiya padarthon se nirmit huye golakar pind
hein. Inhe hum ‘khagoliya pind’ (Celestial Bodies) kehte hein. Pratyek
khagoliya pind me ghurnan – shakti or guratvakarshan – shakti hoti hai. Jiski
vajah se pratyek pind dusre pind ko apni or aakarshit karta hai. Isi
guratvakarshan – shakti ke karan hi Bharammand ke sabhi pind apni – apni
kakshaon (Orbits) me parikrama karte rehte hein.
Yeh khagoliya pind
Antriksha (space) me dur – dur tak phele huye hein. inki duri ko ‘Prakash –
Versha’ (Light – year) me mapa jata hai. ‘Prakash – kiran’ ek second me
3,00,000 km ki duri paar kar leti hai. Atah ek prakash – versha ki duri 95
kharab km hoti hai. Surya se Prathvi ki ausat duri 14, 95, 97, 900 km hai. Surya
se Prathvi per prakash pahunchne me 8 minute or 18 second ka samay lagta hai. Humare
surya ke baad prathvi se sabse nikat ka tara ‘Proxima Century’ hai, jo prathvi
se 41/3 prakash – versha ki duri per sthit hai arthat yeh prathvi se
surya ki apeksha 2, 50, 000 guna jyada door hai. Isi tarah, aakash me sabse
bada dikhayi padhne wala humara surya aakar me humari dharti se 13 lakh guna
bada hai. Parantu ‘Betelgeuse’ namak tare me humare surya jese 2.4 crore surya
sama sakte hein.
Sor mandal
(Solar System)
Surya ke parivar ko uska
‘Saurmandal’ (Solar System) kehte hein. aakash me phele chote – bade sabhi pind
kuch vyavasthit parivaron me bate huye hein. pratyek parivar me ek vishal
chamkila tara hota hai, jise hum apni bhasha me ‘Surya’ (Sun) kehte hein. surya
aakash ke jis bhag me apne parivar ke saath nivas karta hai, use hum apna ‘Saurmandal’
(Solar system) kehte hein.
Humare sormanal me
humari Prathvi (Earth) sahit 8 grah hein, kayi bone grah/chudra grah, grahon
(planets) ke kayi upgrah hein, asankhaya grahikayein (asteroids), ulkayein
(meteors), anek pucchal tare (comets) tatha niharikayein (nebulae) hein.
guratvakarshan shakti ke karan yeh sab pind apne parivar se bandhe rehte hein.
Surya in sabke kendra me hai. Yeh sabhi grah or pind surya ke charon or parikrama
lagate hein.
Surya or uske grahon,
upgrahon, chudra grahon, ulkaon, pucchal taron or niharikaon ke parivar ko hi ‘Saurmandal’
(Solar system) kaha jata hai. Jo grah surya ke jitna paas hai, uski ‘parikraman
gati’ (revolution speed) bhi utni hi adhik hai. Yeh sabhi pind apne aksha me
ghurnan/parikraman karte hein. grahon ka apna prakash nahi hota, parantu taron
ka apna prakash hota hai.
Saurmandal ki
utpatti
Saurmandal ki utpatti kaise
huyi, is vishya ko lekar vegyanikon, khagolshastriyon avam vidwano me kaphi
matbhed hein. Is vishya ko lekar kayi siddhanth pratipadit kiye gaye, inme se
kuch ko hi vegyanik parikshanon ke aadhar per manyta mil payi hai. Kuch
vegyanikon avam vidwano ka manna hai ki antriksha me sthit vishal badal me
guratvakarshan ke nashta (Gravitation collapse) hone ke karan saurmandal ki
utpatti huyi.
Surya se door jaate huye
grahon ki sanrachna avam ghanattava me antar hona iske praman hein. vegyanikon
ke matanusar bharammand ki utpatti aaj se lagbhag 15 arab versh pehle huyi thi.
Bharammand ki utpatti se sambandhit sabse prasiddha siddhanth ‘Mahavisphot
Siddhanth’ (Big-Bang Theory) hai. Vegyanikon ka manna hai ki is visphot ke
parinamswaroop padarthon ke kan antriksha me bikharne ke baad Mandakiniyon
(Galaxies), Sitaron (Stars) avam Grahon (Planets) me parivartit ho gaye.
Kuch vegyanikon ka
vichar hai ki humare saurmandal (solar system) ki utpatti/vikas ‘Akashganga’
(Milky Way) ki bhuja me huyi thi. Akashganga ki iss bhuja me ek thandi gas ka
halka badal tha. Iss badal ki pramukh gason me hydrogen, helium, oxygen avam
loh aadi thi.
Yeh badal dheere – dheere
chakkar lagane laga. Iske baad iss badal me guratvakarshan shakti ka patan
(Gravitation collapse) prarambh ho gaya or usme gason ke ghumne se ‘Chakra’
(Disc) utpann huye, jiske antrik bhag ka tapman atyadhik tha. Gason ke yeh ‘Chakra’ (Disc) dheere – dheere thande hokar ‘Saurmandal’
(solar system) me parivartit ho gaye. Humare iss ‘Saurmandal’ (Solar system) ka
parichay nimnlikhit hai:
Surya (Sun)
Surya (Sun)
humari mandakini (Galaxy) ka tara avam saur parivar ka pramukh hai. Surya ki
anumanit ayu 4,500 crore versh hai. Iska vyas 1, 392, 000 km (864, 948 mile)
hai, jo prathvi (Earth) ke vyas se lagbhag 109 guna adhik hai. Iska mass 1, 990
million ton hai. Surya ka aytan prathvi se lagbhag 13 lakh guna bada hai. Prathvi
se surya ki adhiktam duri 15.21 crore km, nyuntam duri 14.17 crore km tatha
ausat duri 14.96 crore km hai. Surya ka ausat ghanattava 1.409 gram/ghan cm
hai, jo prathvi ke ghanattava ka ¼ hai. Apne vishal aakar ke karan surya ki
akarshan – shakti, prathvi ki akarshan – shakti se 28 guni adhik hai. Prathvi
(Earth) ki tarah Surya (Sun) bhi apne aksha per ghumta rehte hai or Akashganga
(Milky Way) ke kendra ki parikrama karta hai. Surya ko akashganga ke charon aur
chakkar lagane me lagbhag 25 crore vershon ka samay lagta hai.
Surya ke
rasaynik sanghatan me 71% bhag Hydrogen, 27% bhag helium tatha shesh 2% bhag
anya 70 bhari tattvon/padarthon ki sukshama matra ka hai. ‘Corona’ (Saur Kirit)
surya ka sabse prakash wala bhag hai. Purna ‘Surya grahan’ ke samay jab surya
ke prakash ki chamak kam ho jaati hai, uss waqt ‘Saur Kirit’ (Corona) ko aasani
se dekha ja sakta hai. Surya ki dikhayi padhne wali jagah ko ‘Prakash-mandal’
(Photosphere) kehte hein. prakash-mandal se thik upar 2000-3000 km moti parat
ko ‘Chromosphere’ kehte hein. prakashmandal me tapman 5500 degree centigrade
rehte hai, jo chromosphere me bandhkar 9700 degree centigrade ho jaata hai.
Vegyanikon ke
anusar, surya ki utpatti, aakashganga ki bhuja me paye jaane wale dhul ke badal
me gurattavakarshan bal (Gravitational Force) ke patan ke karan huyi. Surya ke
aantrik bhag ka tapman jab 1, 000, 000 degree centigrade tak pahuncha, tab
‘Nabhikiya Salyan’ (Nuclear Fusion) ki prakriya prarambh huyi arthat hydrogen
(H2), helium (He) me parivartit huya, jisse surya se nirantar ushma avam
prakash ki laptein nikalti rahi.
Prakash-Mandal (Photosphere)
Surya ki adhik
chamkili bahiya parat ko ‘Prakash-Mandal’ (Photosphere) kehte hein. Surya ke
iss bhag me 300 km ki gehrayi tak ‘Gases’ jalti rehti hein. Prakash-Mandal ka
tapman lagbhag 6000 degree K (11, 000 degree F) rehta hai.
Varnamandal (Chromosphere)
Prakash-mandal
ke bahiya bhag ko ‘Varnamandal’ (Chromosphere) kehte hein. Vastav me yeh jalti
huyi gason ki ek patli parat hoti hai.
Saur-Kalank (Sun-Spot)
Saur-kalank,
corona me vidyaman ve kale rang ke dhabbe hein, jinka tapman surya ki satah ke
tapman se kam hota hai. In saur-kalankon me badi matra me ‘chumbakiya chetra’
vidyaman rehta hai. In dhabbon se ‘chumbakiya vikiran’ jwalaon ke roop me bahar
nikalti hein, jinka tapman lagbhag 10 lakh degree centigrade se bhi adhik hota
hai.
In kalankon se
utpann jwalaon ke parinamswaroop prathvi ke chumbakiya chetra me ‘Jhanjhawat’
utpann ho jaate hein. Jisse Radio, Telephone, Mobile, Television aadi yantrik
sadhan karya karna band kar dete hein. Saur-kalank ki ausat ayu kuch dino se
lekar kuch mahino tak ki hoti hai. Saur-kalankon ke madhya bhag ko ‘Prachchaya’
(Umbra) tatha chamakne wale bhag ko ‘Upachchaya’ (Penumbra) kehte hein. Saur
kalankon ka ek chakra lagbhag 11 vershon ka hota hai. Ek saur kalanki chakra me
saur-kalanko ki sankhaya ghati-badhti rehti hai. Vegyanikon avam vidwano ka
manna hai ki, jab saur-kalank utpann nahi hote hein, tab surya ka tapman
lagbhag 1 degree centigrade kam rehta hai. Saur-kalankon ki adhik/kam sankhaya
ka prabhav prathvi (Earth) ki jalvayu per padhta hai.
Saur Pawan (Solar Wind)
Surya ke
corona se nirantar bahar nikalne wali protons ki dhara ko ‘Saur Pawan’ (Solar
Wind) kehte hein. Prathvi (Earth) ke vayumandal (Atmosphere) me pahunchkar yeh
saur pawan vayu ke kano se takrakar dhruviya chetron me rangin-prakash utpann
karti hein. iss rangin-prakash ko uttari-dhruva per ‘Aurora Borealis’ tatha
dakshini-dhruva per ‘Aurora Austrelis’ kehte hein.
Grah (Planet)
Surya (Sun) ki
parikrama karne wale prakashhin aakashiya pimdo ko ‘Grah’ (Planet) kehte hein.
humare saurmandal me kul 8 grah hein. pehle inki sankhaya 9 thi, parantu 24
August, 2006 ko ‘Antarashtriya Khagoliya Sangh’ ne ‘Yam’ (Pluto) ko saurmandal
ke grahon ki shreni se hata diya. Atah humare saurmandal me vartman me 8 grah
hein. grahon (planets) ko nimnlikhit 2 shreniyon me bata ja sakta hai:
i. Antrik Grah (Inner Planets)
1. Buddh (Mercury)
2. Shukra (Venus)
3. Prathvi (Earth)
4. Mangal (Mars)
ii. Bahiya Grah (Outer Planets)
1. Bhraspathi (Jupiter)
2. Shani (Saturn)
3. Arun (Uranus)
4. Varun (Neptune)
1. Buddh (Mercury)
2. Shukra (Venus)
3. Prathvi (Earth)
4. Mangal (Mars)
ii. Bahiya Grah (Outer Planets)
1. Bhraspathi (Jupiter)
2. Shani (Saturn)
3. Arun (Uranus)
4. Varun (Neptune)
i.
Antrik
Grah (Inner Planets)
1. Buddh (Mercury)
Buddh (Mercury) surya (Sun) ka nikattam grah hai.
Iski surya se ausat duri 5, 80, 00, 000 km hai. Surya (Sun) se iski nikattam
duri (Perihelion) 4, 60, 00, 00 km tatha adhiktam duri (Aphelion) 7, 00, 00,
000 km hai. Iska vyas lagbhag 4, 880 km tatha dravyaman prathvi (Earth) ke
dravyaman ka 0.055 guna hai. Buddh surya ki ek parikrama 88 dino me purna karta
hai. Buddh ko vanijya avam nipunta ka grah bhi kaha jata hai. Iska mass 330
million ton hai. Surya se yeh lagbhag 58 million km ki duri per sthit hai.
Buddh
(Mercury) per din ki avadhi prathvi (Earth) ke 58.65 dino ke barabar hai. Iska
ek versha prathvi (Earth) ke 87.97 dino ke barabar hota hai. Buddh grah
chandrama ke jaisa hai, jisper bahut se prasupta jwalamukhi aur unke crater
tatha bade-bade pahadh paye jate hein.
Buddha grah
(Mercury) humare saurmandal (Solar system) ka tivratam grah (fastest planet)
hai. Yeh grah apne aksha ke charon aur 59 din me ek chakkar purn karta hai. Iss
grah per vayumandal upasthir nahi hai. Iss vajah se yahan ke din or raat ke
samay ke tapman me bahut adhik antar rehta hai. Buddh grah per din ka tapman
420 degree centigrade avam raat ka tapman 180 degree centigrade rehta hai.
Yahan per ek
‘Calories Basin’ hai. Jiska vyas 1, 300 km hai tatha yeh satah se 2, 000 meter
tak unche parvaton se charon aur se ghiri huyi hai. Buddh grah ka ghanattava
5.43 gram/ghan cm hai, jo ki prathvi (ghanattava) ke saman hai. Iss grah ka
adhik ghanattava siddh karta hai ki iski satah bhari tattavon se bani hai. Iss
grah ka koi upgrah nahi hai.
2. Shukra (Venus)
Shukra grah
(Venus), buddh grah (Mercury) ke baad surya (Sun) ke nikaattam dusra grah hai.
Shukra grah ka aakar lagbhag prathvi ke saman tatha yeh prathvi ke nikattam
hai. Isse ‘Sondarya ka devta’ bhi kehte hein. Shukra grah ka jyadatar bhag ghumavdar maidano se
dhaka huya hai, avam iss vajah se kuch jivit jwalamukhi bhi hein.
Shukra (Venus)
surya (Sun) ka chakkar lagbhag 225 dino me lagata hai. Yeh apne aksha ke parith
243 dino me ek chakkar pura karta hai. Iske vavyumandal me 97% Carbon dioxide
(Co2) paayi jaati hai. Jis karan se shukra (venus) aakash me surya
(Sun) avam chandrama (moon) ke baad sabse adhik chamkila dikhayi deta hai. Iski
satah ka tapman lagbhag 475 degree centigrade hai. Atah shukra grah sabse garm
grah hai.
Shukra grah
(Venus) ka vyas 12.102 km hai. Iska mass lagbhag 4870 million ton hai. Shukra
grah ki surya se duri lagbhag 108 million km hai. Iske din ki avadhi prathvi ke
lagbhag 243.01 dino ke barabar hai. Iska ek versha prathvi ke lagbhag 224.7
dino ke barabar hota hai.
Shukra grah
(Venus) per sulfuric amla ki bundon ke badal paaye jaate hein tatha aisa mana
jaata hai ki adhiktar safer jwalamukhi parvaton se nikali hai. Shukra grah ka
koi upgrah nahi hai. Isse ‘Bhor ka Tara’ (Morning Star) avam ‘Sandhya ka Tara’
(Evening Stars) bhi kehte hein, kyonki yeh bhor / sandhya me dikhayi deta hai.
Shukra grah (Venus), prathvi (Earth) ka sabse nikattam grah hai. Aakar or
dravyaman me yeh prathvi grah (Earth) se samyata rakhta hai, isiliye ise
prathvi ka ‘Judwa Grah’ (Twin Planet) bhi kehte hein. Shukra grah (Venus) ke
charon aur se badalon ki moti parat se ghire hone ke karan ise ‘Veiled Planet’
bhi kehte hein.
3. Prathvi (Earth)
Humari Prathvi
(Earth), Surya (Sun) ka tisra nikattam grah hai. Prathvi ka vyas 12, 756 km
hai. Iska mass 5976 million ton hai. Prathvi ka tapman lagbhag 80 degree
centigrade se 58 degree centigrade tak hai. Surya (Sun) se Prathvi (Earth) ki
duri 150 million km hai. Prathvi grah (Earth) per din ki avadhi 24 ghante (24
hours) ki hoti hai. Ispar ek versha 365.25 dino ka hota hai.
Prathvi
(Earth) ka 70.9% bhag samudron se dhaka huya hai tatha shesh 29.08% bhag me
prathvi ki sampurna jansankhaya nivas karti hai. Prathvi ka ek upgrah
‘Chandrama’ (Moon) hai. ‘Aantrik grahon’ (Inner planets) me ‘Prathvi’ (Earth)
sabse bada grah hai. Jal ki upasthiti ke karan prathvi ko ‘Nila Grah’ (Blue
planet) bhi kaha jaata hai.
Prathvi
(Earth) ki denik gati ke karan iska vishuvat rekhiya bhag kuch ubhara huya hai
avam dhruviya bhag kuch chapta hai. Prathvi (Earth) isi vajah se ek ‘Geoid’
aakrathi ki hai. Humare saurmandal (solar system) me prathvi (earth) hi ekmatra
aisa grah hai, jispar jeevan (life), arthat ‘Prakash Sanshleshan’
(Photosynthesis) or ‘Shwasan’ (Respiration) paaya jaata hai. Prathvi ki surya
se duri tatha iske aakar ke karan iske vayumandal (Atmosphere) ki utpatti
sambhav ho saki hai. Prathvi per thos, dravya tatha gasein paayi jaati hein.
Prathvi (Earth) per jal (water) hone ke karan yahan per jeevan sambhav ho saka
hai.
Prathvi Ka Vayumandal
Prathvi ki
utpatti ki prarambhik avastha me prathvi ke dharatal per lagatar jwalamukhiyon
se nikalne wale lava, raakh, dhuyein tatha vashp se vayumandal (Atmosphere) ki
utpatti huyi. Iss tarah se badal bane, jisse versha huyi or prathvi ke nichle
bhagon me jal/pani jama hokar dheere-dheere sagar ka roop leta chala gaya.
Prathvi
(Earth) ke tapman me sthirta aayi. Isi ke saath prathvi per jeevan ki utpatti
prarambh huyi. Carbon dioxide (Co2), jeevan dene wali Oxygen (O2)
gas me parivartit hone lagi. Prathvi grah ke lagbhag 367 verg km bhag per sagar
ka vistaar hai, jo Mangal (Mars) ke chetrafal (area) ka doguna tatha Chandrama
(Moon) ke chetrafal (area) ka 9 guna hai.
Prathvi
(Earth) ke dharatal ka sabse nichla bhag ‘Prashant Mahasagar’ me hai. Jise
‘Marian Gert’ (Mariana Trench) kehte hein. Iski gehrayi 10920 meter hai. Agar
‘Mount Everest’ ko iss gert me rakh diya jaaye, tab bhi jal ki gehrayi lagbhag
2 km hogi.
Chandrama (Moon)
Chandrama
(Moon) ek golakar aakashiya pind hai. Yeh prathvi (Earth) ke sabse nikat sthit
hai. Chandrama (Moon) humari Prathvi (Earth) ka upgrah hai. Yeh prathvi ke
charon aur parikrama karta hai. Isike karan Chandrama ko ‘Prathvi Putra’ bhi
kaha jaata hai.
Prathvi se
iski duri 3,84,403 km hai. Iska vyas 3.476 km hai, jo prathvi ke vyas ka ¼ hai.
Iska bhaar prathvi ke bhaar ka 1/5 va or aaytan 1/50 va bhaag hai. Chota hone
ke karan Chandrama ki aakarshan-shakti prathvi ki aakarshan-shakti ka kevel 6th
bhaag hai. Prathvi (Earth) ki tarah se Chandrama (Moon) ka bhi apna prakash
nahi hai. Yeh surya (Sun) ke prakash se prakashit hota hai.
Chandrama
(Moon) per din ka tapman lagbhag 100 degree centigrade avam raat ka tapman
lagbhag 180 degree centigrade hota hai. Chandrama anya grahon ki saman hi
gatishil hai. Chandrama apne aksha per lattu ki tarah se ghumta hai. Apne aksha
per ek baar chakkar lagane me isko 27 din, 7 ghante avam 43 minute lagte hein. Chandrama
apne aksha per ghumne ke saath-saath Prathvi (Earth) ki pachim se purva ki aur
parikrama bhi karta hai. Prathvi (Earth) ki iss parikrama me Chandrama (Moon)
ko 27 din, 7 ghante avam 43 minute ka samay lagta hai. Iss prakar iske ghurnan
or parikraman ki avadhi ek hi hai.
Parinamswaroop,
Chandrama (Moon) ka keval aadha bhaag hi sadev Prathvi (Earth) ki aur rehta
hai. Chandrama jab apni kaksha me prathvi se atyadhik duri per hota hai, toh
uss sthiti ko ‘Apbhu’ (Apogee) kehte hein. iss sthiti me Prathvi (Earth) or
Chandrama (Moon) ke bech ki duri 4,06,666 km hoti hai. Chandrama jab apni
kaksha me prathvi se nyuntam duri per hota hai, toh iss sthiti ko ‘Upbhu’
(Perigee) kehte hein. ‘Upbhu’ (Perigee) ki sthiti me Chandrama (Moon) se Prathvi
ki duri lagbhag 3,56,399 km hoti hai.
4. Mangal (Mars)
Yuddha ke
roman devta per iss grah ka namkaran kiya gaya hai. Mangal (Mars), surya (Sun)
ka chotha (4th) nikattam grah hai. Mangal grah (Mars) ka vyas 6,786
km hai. Mangal grah ka adhiktam tapman 37 degree centigrade tatha nyuntam
tapman -137 degree centigrade hai. Mangal grah ki surya se duri lagbhag 228
million km hai. Mangal per din ki avadhi 24.623 ghante (24.623 hours) hai. Yahan
ka ek versha, prathvi (Earth) ke 188 dino ke barabar hota hai.
Mangal grah ko
‘Lal Grah’ (Red planet) bhi kaha jaata hai. Mangal grah ke vayumandal me
mukhaytah Carbon dioxide (Co2), Nitrogen (N2) avam akriya gasen
paayi jaati hein. Prathvi grah ki tarah se hi Mangal grah per bhi rituyein hoti
hein, lekin surya se adhik duri per sthit hone ke karan yahan rituyein thandi
or prathvi ki apeksha lambi avadhi wali hoti hein. Mangal grah ke dhruva bhi
him se aachadit hein.
Yeh him jal or
Carbon dioxide se nirmit huyi hein. Mangal grah (Mars) ki satah kaafi jatil
hai. Iski mitti me loh oxide paya jaata hai, jisse iska rang lal ho gaya hai.
Isiliye ise ‘Lal grah’ (Red planet) bhi kaha jaata hai. Yahan per bade-bade
registaan, jwalamukhi avam parvat paye jaate hein. iske atirikt yahan
‘Channels’ bhi payi jaati hein. Iske 2 upgrah – ‘Phobos’ avam ‘Deimos’ hein.
Phobos, bhaya (fear) ka tatha Deimos aatank (terror) ka dhyotak hai.
Ek bahut badi
‘Canyon’ pure golardha per pheli huyi hai, jiski lambai lagbhag 4000 km hai. Iss
grah per jal-apvaah avam baarh ke praman mile hein. Bahut si bhu-aakratiyan
pawan dwara nirmit huyi pratit hoti hein. Iske dhruviya bhagon me him tatha
dhul ke nicchepon ki sambhavanayein jatayi gayi hein.
Mangal
grah (Mars) per jeevan ki khoj ke liye 1975 me 2 upgrah bheje gaye the –
‘Viking – I’ avam ‘Viking – II’. Parantu wahan per jeevan nahi paya gaya.
Mangal grah (Mars) ke 2 dhruva hein tatha yahan per bhi prathvi (Earth) ki tarah
se ritu-parivartan hota hai. Aisa prathvi ki bhanti iski dhuri jhuki hone ke
karan hota hai.To be continued..
@author : Ankur Saxena
Source (स्रोत) :
* Vishva Avam Bharat Ka Bhugol
(Pratiyogita Sahitya Series)
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
* www.hindilibreayindia.com
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