i.
Bahiya
Grah (Outer Planets)
Yeh sabhi grah halke padarthon ke bane huye hein, jinme
Hydrogen, Helium tatha Oxygen mukhya hein. Yeh grah chattano dwara nahi bane
hein, balki him/barpha (Ice/snow) ke bane huye hein.
1. Bharaspati (Jupiter)
Roman
devtaon ke shashak (ruler) ke naam per iss grah ka namkaran kiya gaya hai. Iss
grah ko ‘Devtaon ka Grah’ bhi kaha jaata hai. Bharaspati grah (Jupiter) humare
saurmandal ka sabse bada avam bhari grah hai. Iska vyas 142,984 km hai. Iska
mass 1,900,000 million ton hai. Bharaspati grah (Jupiter) ka nyuntam tapman
-153 degree centigrade hai. Surya se Bharaspati (Jupiter) ki duri lagbhag 778
million km hai. Iske din ki avadhi 9.84 ghante (9.84 hours) ki hai. Iska ek
versha prathvi ke 11.86 dino ke barabar hota hai.
Iske
vayumandal me mukhaytah Methane (CH4), ammonia
(NH3) avam hydrogen (H2) gasen paayi jaati hein. Bharaspati grah
(Jupiter) ke 63 upagrah (Satellite) hein. yeh grah prathvi (Earth) se 11 guna
bhari hai. Iss grah per ek gehra avam vishal gaddha hai. Jisme se aag ki
laptein nikalti rehti hein, jiske karan yeh ‘Vishal Lal Dhabba’ jaisa dikhayi
deta hai.
Iska
ek upagrah (Satellite) ‘Ganymede’ saurmandal (Solar system) me sabse bada
upagrah hai. Iska vyas 5,268 km hai, jo buddh grah se bhi 8% bada hai. Iska
dravyaman bhi saurmandal (Solar system) ke saare chandramaon me sabse jyada hai
or prathvi (Earth) ke Chandrama (Moon) ka 2.2 guna hai.
Iske
alawa iske anya ullekhniya upagrah ‘Callisto’, ‘Io’ or ‘Europa’ hein. Yeh
‘Galileo ke Chandrama’ ke naam se bhi jaane jaate hein. inki khoj 1610 me
‘Galileo’ ne ki thi. Bharaspati atayadhik garm grah hai. Iska akasha 1 degree
jhuki hone ke karan yahan mausam sadev saman rehta hai.
Ek Naya Bharaspati
August,
2000 me khagolshastriyon ne humare saurmandal (Solar system) ke bahar 10 naye
grahon ke khoje jaane ki pushti ki hai. Aabtak lagbhag kul 50 grah khoje ja
chuke hein. August, 2000 me khoje gaye 10 grahon me se ek grah Bharaspati ke
aakar ka hi hai. Yeh grah surya ke saman ek tare ‘Epsilon Eridani’ ki parikrama karta hai. Epsilon Eridani
prathvi se lagbhag 10.49 Prakash-versha dur hai or taramandal ‘Eridanus’ me
sthit hai.
2. Shani (Saturn)
Roman
mithakshastra ke anusar, Jupiter ke pita ke naam per iss grah ka yeh naam rakha
gaya hai. Yeh humare Saurmandal (Solar system) ka sabse sundar (beautiful) grah
hai. Shani grah (Saturn), Bharaspati (Jupiter) ke baad humare Saurmandal (Solar
system) ka dusra sabse bada grah hai.
Shani
grah (Saturn) ko ‘Krashi ka Devta’ bhi kaha jaata hai. Shani grah (Saturn) ka
vyas 120,660 km hai. Iska mass 570 million ton hai. Iss grah ka nyuntam tapman
-185oC hai. Shani grah ki Surya se duri 1,427 million km hai. Shani
grah ke din ki avadhi 10.23 ghante (10.23 hours) ki hai. Iska ek versha Prathvi
(Earth) ke 29.46 dino ke barabar hota hai.
Shani
grah ke 46 upagrah (Satellites) hein. ‘Titan’ namak upagrah (Satellite) sabse
bada hai avam isme nitrogen (N2) yukt vayumandal paya jaata hai. Yeh vatavaran
sahit ekmatra jyaat chandrama hai or prathvi ke alava ekmatra aisa khagoliya
pind hai, jiske satahie taral sthano, jaise naharon, sagaron aadi ke thos
praman uplabdh ho. Iska parikraman kaal 15.945 din ka hota hai. Iske khojkarta
‘Christiaan Huygens’ the.
Shani
grah (Saturn) ke charo aur sundar valay (rings) paye jaate hein. In valyo
(rings) ki sankhaya 10 hai. Yeh valay him or him-aavrit dhul se nirmit hein.
Shani ka dharatal thos nahi hai, varan kam ghanattava wali halka gason se
nirmit hai. Shani sabse kam ghanattava wala grah hai. Shani avam Bharaspati me
kafi saari samantayein bhi payi jaati hein. Bharaspati grah ki tarah Shani grah
per bhi hydrofen or helium ki bahutyat hai. Iske vayumandal me kale rang ki
pattiyan (Bands) paayi jaati hein.
3. Arun (Uranus)
Aakash
ke roman devta ke naam per iska naam rakha gaya hai. Isse ‘Harit Grah’ athva
‘Swarg ka Devta’ bhi kaha jaata hai. Arun (Uranus), Surya (Sun) se 7 va durtam
grah hai. Is grah ki khoj 1781 me ‘William Hershel’ ne ki thi.
Arun
grah (Uranus) ka vyas 51.118 km hai. Iska mass lagbhag 86,800 million ton hai.
Iss grah ka tapman lagbhag -214oC hai. Arun grah ki Surya se duri lagbhag
2,870 million km hai. Ispar din ki avadhi lagbhag 17.9 hours ki hoti hai. Iss
grah ka ek versha Prathvi (Earth) ke 84.01 dino ke barabar hota hai.
Methane
gas ki upasthiti ke karan yeh grah hare rand (Green color) ka dikhayi deta hai.
Shani (Saturn) ki bhanti iss grah ke charo aurr bhi valay (rings) paaye jaate
hein. in valayo me Alfa, Beta, Gama avam Epsilon pramukh valay (rings) hein.
Arun grah (Uranus) ke 27 upagrah (Satellites) tatha 5 dhundhali valay (rings)
hein.
Arun
grah (Uranus) ke pramukh upagrah (Satellites) ‘Titania’, ‘Oberon’, ‘Umbriel’,
‘Ariel’ avam ‘Miranda’ hein. Yeh sabhi naam ‘William Shakespeare’ ke naatakon
ke charitron ke naam per rakhe gaye hein. Arun grah (Uranus) 84 vershon me
Surya (Sun) ki ek parikrama puri karta hai. Yeh ekmatra aisa grah hai, jo ek
dhruva tak apne pradikshan kaksh me lagatar Surya ke samne rehta hai.
4. Varun (Neptune)
Iss
grah ka namkaran samudra ke ‘Roman Devta’ ke naam per kiya gaya hai. Isse
‘Sagar ka Devta’ bhi kaha jaata hai. Iss grah ka vyas lagbhag 49,528 km hai.
Iska mass lagbhag 102, 000 million ton hai. Varun grah (Neptune) ka tapman
lagbhag -225oC hai. Surya (Sun) se iski duri lagbhag 4.497 million
km hai. Iss grah per din ki avadhi lagbhag 19.2 hours ki hoti hai. Yahan per ek
versha prathvi ke 164.79 dino ke barabar hota hai.
Varun
grah (Neptune) ki khoj 1846 me ‘Johann Galle’ ne ki thi. Yeh grah Arun grah (Uranus)
se milta-julta hai, atah ise Arun ka ‘Judwa Grah’ bhi kaha jaata hai. Yeh Surya
(Sun) ka 8 va durasth grah hai. Varun grah (Neptune) ke vayumandal me mukhya
roop se hydrogen gas paayi jaati hai. Methane ke karan hi yeh grah bhi ‘Hare
Rang’ (Green Color) ka dikhlayi deta hai. Iske 13 upgrah (Satellites) hein.
jinme se ‘Triton’ (Trumpeter of Neptune) tatha ‘Nereid’ (Nymph of the
Mediterranean Sea) ullekhniya hein.
Chudra grahon ki nayi shreni – Plutoid
Yam
(Pluto) ko apne saurmandal (Solar system) se hatane ke baad khagolshastrion ne
aab Pluto ko avam uske jaise anya chudra/chote grahon ke liye ek nayi shreni
bana di hai, jiska naam ‘Plutoid’ diya gaya hai. Iska nirnaya khagolshastrion
ki antarrashtriya sanstha ‘Antarrashtriya Khagoliya Sangh’ (International
Astronomical Union – IAU) ki Oslo me June, 2008 me huyi bethak (Meeting) me
liya gaya. IAU ne Oslo bethak ke baad kaha ki, “Neptune ke baad ya usse door ki
koi bhi golakaar vastu hogi, jisme guratvakarshan bal ke saath-saath nirdharit
chamak hogi, use ‘Plutoid’ kaha jayega”.
Vegyanik
anusandhano ke parinamswaroop jab saurmandal me kai sare naye pind khoje gaye,
toh unki pehchan ke saath Yam (Pluto) ki grahiya parikalpana per bhi sawal
uthne lage. Antriksha namkaran ke liye ekmatra adhikrat sanstha IAU hai. Iss
sanstha ne versha 2003 me ek samiti (Committee) ko grahon ko paribhashit karne
ka jimma sonpa tha. Iss samiti (Committee) ke dwara grahon ki jo paribhasha di
gayi, woh is prakaar hai:
1. Aab wahi antrikshiya pind hi grah kehlayenge, jo Surya
(Sun) ki parikrama karte ho.
2. Apne guratvakarshan ke liye unka nyuntam dravyaman
itna ho ki who lagbhag golakaar ho.
3. Unki kaksha apne padosi ke marg ko na kaate.
Yam
(Pluto) in maapdando per khara nahi utarta hai, isiliye ise grahon ki shreni se
bahar nikala gaya.
Yam (Pluto)
24
August, 2006 ko ‘Antarrashtriya Khagoliya Sangh’ (IAU) ne Yam (Pluto) ko
saurmandal (Solar system) se hatakar bone/chudra grahon ki shreni me daal diya.
Yam (Pluto) ko ‘Mratyu ka Devta’ ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai. Iska vyas
2,300 km hai. Iska mass 13 million ton hai. Iska tapman lagbhag -236oC
hai. Pluto ki Surya se duri lagbhag 5,900 million km hai. Iske din ki avadhi
lagbhag 6.39 hours ki hoti hai. Pluto ka ek versha Prathvi (Earth) ke 248.54
dino ke barabar hoti hai.
Grahika (Asteroid)
Surya
(Sun) ke charon aur carodo Grahikayein (Asteroids), Mangal (Mars) avam
Bharaspati (Jupiter) grahon ke beech/madhya parikrama karti rehti hein, jinko
‘Grahika’ (Asteroid) kehte hein. Kabhi-kabhi yeh grahikayein tutkar Prathvi (Earth)
ke vayumandal (Atmosphere) me pravesh kar jaati hein or Prathvi (Earth) per
aakar gir jaati hein.
Niharika (Nebulae)
Yeh
atayadhik prakashmaan pind hote hein, inki aakrati prayah ‘Sarpil’ (Spiral)
hoti hai. ‘Orion’ ‘Canes Venatic’ ‘Lyra’ aadi Niharikayein ullekhniya hein.
Inhe keval shaktishali durbino ke madhyam se hi dekha ja sakta hai.
Aakashganga/Mandakini (Galaxy)
Iss
vishal Bharammand me vibhinn drashyon ke ek saath sankendran ke falswaroop
taron ka nirman hota hai. In taron ka bada samuh milkar
‘Aakashganga’/’Mandakini’ (Galaxy) ka nirman karta hai. Prathvi grah (Earth)
sahit saur parivar ‘Airavat Path’ (Milky Way) namak aakashganga me sthit hai.
Jiska
vyas 1,00,000 Prakash-versha (Light-year) hai. ‘Laghu Magellanic Megh’ (Small
Magellanic Cloud), ‘Ursa Minor System’ aadi kuch anaya ullekhniya
aakashgangayein hein.
Taramandal (Constellation)
Taron
ke kuch samuh vishishta aakration me drashtigochar hote hein. Aadhunik samay me
89 taramandal gyat hein, inme ‘Hydra’ namak taramandal vishaltam hai. Iske 68
tare nangi aakhon se dekhe ja sakte hein. ‘Centaurus’, ‘Gemini’, ‘Leo’,
‘Hercules Virgo’, ‘Saptarishi’ aadi anaya tara-samuh/taramandal hein.
Ulka – Pind (Meteors)
Yeh
tute huye tare (Shooting stars) ke tarah se raat me dikhayi deta hai, kintu
vastav me yeh thos aakashiya pind hote hein, jo prathvi (Earth) ke vayumandal
(Atmosphere) me pravesh karne per gharshan ke karan jalne lagte hein. Prayah
yeh jalne per nashta ho jaate hein, kintu kabhi-kabhi ‘Ulkapaat’ (Meteorites)
ke roop me Prathvi (Earth) per aakar gir jaate hein tatha khandit ho jaate
hein.
Isme
loha avam nickel (Ni) jaise bhaari padarthon ki pradhanta hoti hai. 30 June,
1908 ko Irkutsk, Siberia tatha 12 February, 1947 ko Purvi Siberia me ulkapaat
se bani gurt aaj bhi dekhi ja sakti hai.
Dhumketu/Puchal Tare (Comets)
Saurmandal
(Solar system) me Puchal tare aashcharyajanak khagoliya pind maane jaate hein. Jami
huyi gason (Frozen gases) se nirmit Dhumketuon ki tulna barpha ki gend se ki
jaati hai. Bahut se Dhumketu ‘Dirgha-Marg’ (Elongated-Orbit) me parikrama karte
hein. Dhumketu jab Shani ki kaksha me pravesh karte hein, tab yeh nazar aane
lagte hein. ‘Halley’s Comet’ bade dhumketuon me se ek hai. Pratyek 76 vershon
ke baad me yeh Prathvi (Earth) ki kaksha (Orbit) se gujarta hai.
@author : Ankur Saxena
Source (स्रोत) :
* Vishva Avam Bharat Ka Bhugol
(Pratiyogita Sahitya Series)
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
* www.hindilibreayindia.com
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